long term side effects of b12 injections Benefits Vitamin Shots Can Vitamin B12 Deficiency Indicate

While there is no safe upper limit (because B12 is water soluble so you pee out anything you don't need), the NHS advises people not to take too much as it could be harmful

The two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 14 form an intramolecular disulfide bond that creates a small cyclic loop within the 16-residue chain

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While absorption may not differ among forms of B12, the bodys ability to absorb the vitamin is largely limited by the capacity of intrinsic factor.2,4 Many foods are fortified with B12, including breakfast cereals, meat analogues, soymilk, and nutritional yeast (see Table 2)

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NNMT depletes the NAD+ precursor pool by methylating nicotinamide the same nicotinamide that the salvage pathway would otherwise convert back into NAD+ via the enzyme NAMPT